Labs

**Materials :**

 * ======four 8 cm conduction bars (//steel, brass, copper, aluminum//)======
 * ======felt pen======
 * ======ruler======
 * ======wax strips or candles======
 * ======matches======
 * ======hot plate======
 * ======brick of block of wood======
 * ======stopwatch======
 * ======graph paper======
 * ======coloured pens or pencils crayons======


 * Procedures :** see page 432

Conductivity Rate of Metals

 * |||||||| Time (s) ||
 * Distance (cm) || Graphite || Tin || Copper || Zinc ||
 * 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
 * 2 || 47 || 10 || 14 || 12 ||
 * 4 || 62 || 23 || 24 || 24 ||
 * 6 || 82 || 33 || 35 || 35 ||
 * 8 || 101 || 60 || 56 || 49 ||



**Analyze**
1. I could tell that heat was being conducted along the metal bars because gradually each point of wax would melt. The heat caused a chain reaction. Once one of the wax points melted, the heat transfered on to the next point, melting it as well. This reaction shows the theory of conduction that heat transfers from matter with high temperatures to matter with low temperatures.

2. a) No not all of the metals conducted heat equally well as they have different rates of reaction. This was evident in the time differences. b) Zinc, Tin, Copper, Graphite


 * Conclude and Apply**

1. Kinetic molecular theory explains that all particles in matter are in constant motion. During conduction, heat tranfers from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature. The heating of the metal bars increased the kinetic energy of the molecules. These newly heated, fast moving molecules begin to collide with the slower-moving particles present in the cold parts of the bar. As the collisons continue, heat transfers to the cold parts of the bar, making it feel hot.

2. I would use Copper beacause it was the overall slowest conductivity rate. This way, the stirring rod would heat up slower, reducing the chances of being burnt.

**Conclusion**
In this experiment i learnt that metals with a higher conductivity transfer heat more easily and quickly. Also, when heat is transferred in a metal, it goes from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature. Depending on the conductivity, a the molecules in the metal can collide with slow moving particles quicker, causing it to heat up faster.

PIECING TOGETHER PANGAEA

 * Purpose :** Use various pieces of evidence to reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea.


 * Materials :** See page 515


 * Procedures :** See page 515


 * Analyze**

1. The continents of Africa, South America, India, Antartica and Australia were the easiest to place. They were easy to place because the fossils made a clear path to follow.

2. The continents with fossils were to the easiest to join because they had drawings of animals that fit together and outlines of paths that were easy to connect. There were 4 types of fossils so it was easy to figure out which pieces grouped together.

3. a) The pieces of the map that were hard to place were North America, Greenland, and Europe. b) I used the matching folds of Africa and South America as guidelines.

= =
 * Conclude and Apply**

1. a) First I started with the pieces that contained fossils. I put them in groups according to their fossil type and I started to connect them. Then i connected all the groups of fossils together. After that all i had left was North America, Europe and Greenland. Assuming that North America was above South America, i placed it there and soon discovered the folds that matched. Then I connected Greenland to Africa and finally Europe to Greenland. b) The process i took was similar to Wegener's because like him i looked for patterns. We both looked at fossil and mountain range similarities in order to piece together Pangaea's map.

2.I used several pieces of evidence to piece together the map because certain regions of the continents did not posses the same qualities. In some parts of the map there were no fossils and in other there were no mountain ranges. They were all important towards finding the right fit.

3. a) North America may collide with eastern asia and russia. b) The ecosystem would be badly damaged due to the cold temperatures in russia that we would receive because we would be so close to them.


 * Conclusion**

In this activity i learnt that the continents were all connected in the time of Pangaea. Before this activity i did know that they were connected, but i didnt know where all the continents were placed. Also i learnt that fossils, glacial deposits, matching folded mountains and coal deposits were all used to figure out that the earth's continents drifted. FInally i learnt that the map we have know could change drastically in 200 million years due to tectonic plates.